Skip to main content
Download PDF

Investigation on chemical composition and insecticidal activity against Anopheles gambiae of essential oil obtained by co-distillation of Cymbopogon citratus and Hyptis suaveolens from Western Burkina Faso

Malaria Journal volume 23, Article number: 339 (2024) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Hyptis suaveolens are known for their insecticidal properties, but remain ineffective against mosquitoes resistant to synthetic insecticides. In order to improve insecticidal properties of these plants, this study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and insecticidal activity against Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes of essential oil obtained by co-distillation of dry leaves of C. citratus and H. suaveolens.

Methods

Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from dry leaves of C. citratus and H. suaveolens, separately, then from the mixture of the dry leaves of the two plants in mass ratio 50/50. Each pure essential oil and the mixture obtained either by co-distillation or by combining pure essential oils in volume ratio 50/50 were then analysed by GC/MS. All essential oils and Deltamethrin 0.05% (positive control) were tested on two species of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles gambiae according to the World Health Organization standard methods.

Results

Essential oil obtained by co-distillation mainly contained piperitone (40.80%), 1,8-cineole (24.64%), p-menth-4(8)-ene (13.20%), limonene (6.09%) and α-pinene (4.73%). However, the mixture of pure essential oils of these two plants mostly contained geranial (20.74%), neral (16.42%), 1,8-cineole (19.79%), sabinene (6.03%) and β-pinene (3.87%). The essential oil of C. citratus mainly contained geranial (41.49%), neral (32.83%), β-myrcene (13.66%) and geraniol (3.49%) while the major constituents of essential oil of H. suaveolens were 1,8-cineole (39.58%), sabinene (12.06%), β-pinene (7.73%), α-terpinolene (6.72%) and (E)-caryophyllene (7.49%). At the dose of 1%, all essential oils, except that of H. suaveolens, induced about 100% of mortality on the sensitive species of An. gambiae. However, on the resistant species at the same dose, the essential oil obtained by co-distillation induced the highest mortality (53.44%). The essential oils of C. citratus, H. suaveolens and the mixture of the two pure essential oils caused respectively 2.47, 15.28 and 18.33% of mortality. The synthetic insecticide caused 100 and 14.84% of mortality respectively on the sensitive and resistant species of An. gambiae.

Conclusion

Essential oil obtained by co-distillation showed good insecticidal efficacy against a resistant species of An. gambiae and might constitute a new solution to fight against mosquitoes resistant to synthetic insecticides.

Background

Malaria remains one of the most worrying endemic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. The infection is caused by a parasite of the genus Plasmodium, transmitted to humans by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. According to the World Malaria Report in 2022, the African region had 95% of the 241 million malaria cases and 96% of the 627,000 deaths from the disease globally [1]. In Burkina Faso, it remains the first cause of consultation and mortality. According to the Ministry of Health, in 2021 the number of registered malaria cases was 12.2 million, including 4355 deaths [2]. To fight this disease, many methods have been developed. The strategy of controlling vectors is integral to the success of the fight against malaria. This strategy uses insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets and indoor spraying of insecticides from the family of pyrethroids, organochlorines, organophosphates and synthetic carbamates [3]. The use of insecticides has interesting, sometimes spectacular results, such as the reduction of malarial morbidity, which is associated with a reduction in the aggressiveness and the rate of entomological inoculation of the vectors [4]. Unfortunately, the use of synthetic chemicals has many disadvantages, such as environmental pollution and ecological disorders [5]. In addition, people are more and more aware of the upsurge in the resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes to most synthetic insecticides [6, 7]. In Burkina Faso, previous reports showed that mosquitoes of the genus An. gambiae have developed resistance to all four classes of insecticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids) currently available for public health use [8]. Faced with this resistance, and the toxic effects of synthetic insecticides, the use of natural substances extracted from plants with proven insecticidal properties, is now encouraged. Indeed many studies showed that essential oils of aromatic plants could constitute an alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, because they can kill all insects at all stages of development [9]. Nevertheless, the practical application of essential oils as an insecticide generally requires the use of high doses and/or long treatment times [10]. This would limit their use because of their fairly high cost due to their low extraction yield and the high energy costs of extraction [11]. Consequently, a major challenge for the practical application of essential oils is to develop optimised combinations, which will allow the use of low doses but sufficiently effective [12, 13]. To this end, recent studies have reported that essential oils obtained by co-distillation (simultaneous distillation) of aromatic plants have improved antioxidant and antifungal properties compared to the essential oils of each plant and the pure essential oil mixtures of co-distilled plants [14, 15].

Cymbopogon citratus and Hyptis suaveolens are two aromatic plants used as pesticidal plants by the local population [16]. Essential oils of these two plants have insecticidal properties against Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes [17]. However, in our akwnoledgement, no study has been conducted on the combinations of essential oils of these two plants. The present work aims to determine the chemical composition and insecticidal activity of the essential oil obtained by co-distillation of C. citratus and H. suaveolens against An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) mosquitoes, the major vector of malaria in Burkina Faso.

Methods

Plant material

The plant material consisted of the dry leaves of C. citratus and H. suaveolens. The samples were collected in August 2019 on the site of the Nazi Boni University, Burkina Faso (11°12'N; 4°24'W). The samples were dried in the shade for seven days at room temperature before essential oils extraction. The plants were identified as numbers 961 and 964 respectively for C. citratus and H. suaveolens and samples were deposited at the herbarium of the Nazi Boni University.

Biological material

The biological material consisted of two species of An. gambiae s.l.: the sensitive species (Kisumu) and the resistant species (VK-Labo). Mosquitoes were provided by the insectarium of the Research Institute in Health Sciences Western Regional Office, Burkina Faso.

Extraction of essential oils

Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type apparatus from the dry leaves of C. citratus and H. suaveolens, separately, then from their mixture in the mass proportion 50/50. The extraction yield of essential oils (R) was determined according to the formula:\({\text{R}}=\frac{{\text{Mh}}}{{\text{Mv}}} \times 100\), where Mh is the mass of essential oil obtained and Mv, the mass of dry plant material used [18].

Chemical analysis of essential oils

The essential oils extracted and a mixture of the pure essential oils in a volume ratio 50/50 were chemically analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques (GC/MS). The Agilent 8860 brand chromatograph was used. It was coupled to an Agilent 5977B type mass spectrometer equipped with a quadripolar analyser. The separation of the various constituents was carried out using a DBWAX capillary column of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) type (60 mx 0.25 mm), (thickness of the film 0.25 cm) under the following experimental conditions: gas vector (helium: 1 mL min−1), ionization energy (70 eV), injector temperature (250 °C), detector temperature (250 °C). The oven is programmed from 60 to 250 °C for 10 min with a gradient of 2 °C min−1. The injection was in split mode 1–10. The identification of the different constituents of essential oils was carried out both, by comparing their mass spectra with those of NIST 2008 database [19] and by comparing their retention index (RI) with those of the literature [20].

Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of essential oils

All essential oils and a synthetic insecticide (Deltamethrin 0.05%) used as a positive control, were tested according to the World Health Organization's tube mosquito sensitivity testing protocol as described by Wangrawa [21].

Impregnation of N°1 Whatman papers with essential oils

Essential oils were diluted in acetone to afford solutions at doses of 0.01; 0.1 and 1%. Two (2) mL of each solution were poured homogeneously using a Pasteur pipette on 15 cm × 12 cm Nº1 Whatman paper. The impregnated papers were kept, for drying, at the the laboratory for 10 min, then were wrapped in aluminum foil and kept in the refrigerator at 4 °C until use.

Test procedure

For each essential oil solution, 100 An. gambiae females aged 3 to 5 days are exposed for 1 h in the test tubes (marked red) lined with impregnated papers at the rate of 25 mosquitoes per tube. After this exposure period, the mosquitoes are transferred to the observation tubes (marked green) lined with non-impregnated paper. Cotton soaked with 10% of glucose was placed above each observation tube. A group of 25 mosquitoes exposed only to acetone constituted the negative control. The mortality rate is determined after 24 h of observation using Abbott's formula [22]: \(\text{Mortality rate}=\frac{\text{Mortality in essential oil}-\text{Mortality in control}}{100-\text{Mortality in control}}\times100\).

All the tests were done in triplicate.

Statistical analysis

Bioassay data were analysed using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and reported as mean ± standard deviation. The one-way ANOVA analysis of variance was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The comparison of the means was made at the 5% level by the Student–Newman–Keuls test (S–N-K test).

Results

Extraction yield of essential oils

Extraction yields of the essential oils are given in Table 1. The essential oil of H. suaveolens has the lowest extraction yield (0.75%) while that obtained by co-distillation (C. citratus/ H. suaveolens) has the yield of highest extraction (1.22%).

Table 1 Extraction yields of essential oils
Full size table

Chemical composition of essential oils

The results of the chromatographic analyses of the essential oils are presented in Table 2. Figure 1 presents the structures of main constituents of the essential oils.

Table 2 Chemical composition of essential oils
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

Structures of main constituents of essential oil of C. citratus (a), H. suaveolens (b) essential oils and that obtained by co-distillation of the two plants (c)

Full size image

In the essential oil of C. citratus, 14 compounds representing 96.16% of the total mixture were identified. Geranial (41.49%), neral (32.83%), β-myrcene (13.66%) and geraniol (3.49%) are the major constituents of this essential oil.

Twenty-eight (28) compounds representing 93.27% of the total mixture of H. suaveolens essential oil were identified. This essential oil mainly contained 1,8-cinelole (39.58%), sabinene (12.06%), β-pinene (7.73%), (E)-caryophyllene (7.49%), α-terpinolene (6.72%) and α-pinene (3.48).

The essential oil obtained by co-distillation contained 23 compounds, representing 95.59% of the total mixture. It mainly contained piperitone (40.80%), 1,8-cineole (24.64%), p-menth-4(8)-ene (13.20%), limonene (6.09%) and α-pinene (4.73%).

In the mixture of pure essential oils of the two plants, it was identified 38 compounds representing 93.27%. This mixture mostly contained geranial (20.75%), neral (16.42%), 1,8-cineole (19.79%), β-pinene (7.37%) and sabinene (6.03%).

Insecticidal activity of essential oils

Insecticide test results revealed that all essential oils are effective against the two species of An. gambiae (Fig. 2). ANOVA analysis of variance showed a highly significant difference between mosquito mortality rates from one essential oil to another and depending of tested dose (Table 3). The essential oils were more effective on the sensitive species than on the resistant species. All EOs caused mortality rates of approximately 100% on the sensitive species at the dose of 1% except that of H. suaveolens which caused 59.55% of mortality. On the resistant species, at the dose of 1%, mortality rates were 2.47, 12.65, 19.17 and 53.48% respectively for the essential oils of C. citratus, H. suaveolens, the mixture of pure essential oils and the essential oil obtained by co-distillation. The synthetic insecticide caused 100 and 14.84% of mortality respectively on the sensitive and the resistant species of An. gambiae.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Mortality rate caused by essential oils on sensitive (A) and resistant (B) species. CC essential oil of C. citratus, HS essential oil of H. suaveolens, CC/HS essential oil obtained by co-distillation of the two plants, CC/HS* mixture obtained by combining pure essential oil, Delta 0.05% Deltamethrin 0.05%. The bands assigned the same letter are not significantly different according to the Student-Newman and Keuls test at the 5% threshold

Full size image
Table 3 ANOVA analysis of variance of different treatments on the two mosquito strains
Full size table

Discussion

Extraction yields of essential oils from C. citratus and H. suaveolens are different from those reported by many authors. Indeed, the extraction yield of the essential oil of C. citratus in this study (1.05%) is higher than that of the species from Benin (0.71%) and Ivory Coast (0.70%) [23, 24]. However, the yield obtained by Djibo [25] of the species from the center of Burkina Faso (1.4%) was higher than that of the present study. The extraction yield of the essential oil of H. suaveolens is generally less than 1% whatever the geographical origin. The extraction yield obtained in this study (0.75%) is much higher than those of the species harvested in different regions of Ivory Coast, which were between 0.04 and 0.12% [26]. The species from central Burkina Faso had a yield comparable to that of the present study. Indeed, the essential oil yield of this species was between 0.23 and 0.88% depending on the period and the harvest site [25]. Genetic factors, collection area, stage of plant development, season and/or plant environment and reactions over time within the plant would justify differences in yield for the same plant species [27]. Moreover, the higher yield of essential oil obtained by co-distillation compared to those of pure essential oils, could be due to the appearance of new compounds and/or to the increase in the content of certain molecules of pure essential oils.

The composition of the essential oil of C. citratus, dominated by citral (74%) is comparable to that described in several countries, in particular in Benin [27], in Algeria [28] and in Burkina Faso [25]. However, the essential oil of H. suaveolens presents a very significant quantitative and qualitative difference compared to those described in the literature. Indeed, six (6) majority compounds (caryophyllene, sabinene, germacrem, pinene, terpinolene and humulene) were most often reported in the different chemotypes studied in the West African region and in South Asia, particularly in Burkina Faso [25], in Senegal [29], in Nigeria [30], in Togo [31], in Ivory Coast [26], in Thailand [32] and in India [33]. In contrast, the essential oil of the species from the Dutch island of Aruba had a fairly high content of 1,8-cineole (35.9%). However, it differs from that of the present study by the low presence of caryophyllene (0.3%) [34].

The mixture of pure essential oils of the two plants contained all the major constituents identified in the pure essential oils of each plant but at lower contents. The low contents would be related to a dilution effect caused by the mixture of essential oils. However, in the essential oil obtained by co-distillation, the major constituents were piperitone (40.80%) and p-menth-4(8)-ene (13.20%). Yet, these compounds were not present in the two pure essential oils. On the other hand, β-pinene (7.73%) and sabinene (12.06%), major constituents of the essence of H. suaveolens were absent in that obtained by co-distillation. Similarly, neral (32.83%) and geranial (41.49%), major constituents of the essence of C. citratus were not identified in the essence obtained by co-distillation.

Furthermore, limonene (1.99%) and α-pinene (3.48%) present only in the essence of H. suaveolens were identified in that obtained by co-distillation at higher levels (6.09% and 4.73% respectively) unlike α-terpinolene (6.72%), (E)-caryophyllene (7.49%) and β-myrcene (13.66%) which were identified with sufficiently low levels (0.41; 0.45 and 0.13% respectively). A similar study also reported the appearance of new compounds (limonene and carvacrol) in the essential oil obtained by co-distillation of Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris and Camaldula officinalis and not having been identified in the pure essence of each plant extracted separately [35]. These results show that chemical reactions would have occurred during the co-distillation of C. citratus and H. suaveolens under the influence of certain parameters (acid pH, heat and catalysts). Indeed, according to many authors, the heat, the acid pH and the presence of certain molecules in the distillation medium can promote reactions of cyclization, elimination and dehydration of certain constituents of essential oils during the process of distillation [36]. Fisher et al. [37] showed that sabinene would degrade upon hydrodistillation to give terpen-4-ol, α-terpinene and γ-terpinene. The study conducted by Chiou et al. [38] on the thermal stability of major constituents of Japanese mint essential oil showed the conversion of menthol acetate to menthol, menthol to menthone, menthone to piperitone and piperitone to thymol. With regard to structures of the new molecules formed and those disappeared, piperitone would come from the cyclization of neral and geranial (Fig. 3). This analysis corroborates that of Mikkola et al. [39] who reported that the hydrogenation of citral led to the formation of many products including piperitone. As for p-menth-(4)8-ene, it could come from a rearrangement of sabinene (Fig. 4). Myrcene and β-pinene would transform into limonene, thus increasing the content of this molecule in the mixture unlike other molecules (Fig. 5). However, more in-depth studies need to be carried out to elucidate these different transformations.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Probable mechanism of piperitone formation from neral and geranial

Full size image
Fig. 4
figure 4

Probable mechanism of p-menth-(4)8-ene formation from sabinene

Full size image
Fig. 5
figure 5

Probable mechanism of d-limonene formation from myrcene and β-pinene

Full size image

The results of insecticidal tests showed that the insecticidal activity varies from one essential oil to another and from one species of mosquito to another. The variation in the insecticidal effectiveness of essential oils for the same species of mosquito would be linked to the chemical composition of each essential oil. On the other hand, the difference in genetic heritage of the two species of An. gambiae tested could justify the difference in mortality recorded for the same essential oil from one species to another [38]. Indeed, the essential oil of C. citratus, which was very effective on the sensitive strain with a mortality rate of 100% at the dose of 1% was found to be less effective on the resistant species with a mortality rate of 2.47% at the same dose. This result agrees with that obtained by Nonvhio et al. [39] who reported that the essential oil of C. citratus which caused 100% mortality on the sensitive species (Kisumu) of An. gambiae at a concentration of 22.6 µg/cm2 had induced only 4% mortality on the resistant strain at the same concentration. Similarly, Wangrawa et al. [40] obtained with the essential oil of H. suaveolens from central Burkina Faso lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 respectively of 0.85 and 1.38% on the sensitive species (Kisumu) while on the resistant species the LC50 and LC90 were 1.86 and 2.82%, respectively.

The essential oil obtained by co-distillation of C. citratus and H. suaveolens was 21.6, 3.5, 3 and 3.6 times more effective respectively than essential oils of C. citratus, H. suaveolens, the mixture of the two pure essential oils and the synthetic insecticide on the resistant species of An. gambiae. This result shows that the co-distillation allows improving significantly the insecticidal efficacy of essential oils of these two plants. This effectiveness would be due to the synergistic actions of certain molecules, thus increasing the biological action of the essential oil. Thus, piperitone (ketone) and 1,8-cineole (ether); piperitone and terpineol (alcohol); piperitone and limonene (hydrocarbon); 1,8-cineole and limonene; piperitone and p-menth-4(8)-ene (hydrocarbon) may act synergistically. This analysis is in agreement with that carried out by Aissaoui et al. [41] who reported that combinations of camphor (ketone) and 1,8-cineole (ether), camphor and linalool (alcohol), α-pinene (hydrocarbon) and linalool (alcohol) produced synergistic insecticidal activity against the mite Tetranychus urticae [42]. Van Vuuren and Viljoen [43] also reported that the combination of limonene and 1,8-cineole produced a synergistic effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nébie et al. [11] also reported the synergistic insecticidal effect on Callosobruchus maculatus of the mixture of pure essential oils of Cymbopogon schoenanthus and Ocimum basilicum, which would be due to a synergistic action of piperitone and eugenol (alcohol).

Conclusion

The co-distillation of C. citratus and H. suaveolens made it possible to obtain an essential oil which contains new majority molecules such as piperitone and p-menth-4(8)-ene. This essential oil exhibited insecticidal activity 21.6, 3.5, 3 and 3.6 times higher, respectively, than essential oils of C. citratus, H. suaveolens, the mixture of the pure essential oils and the synthetic insecticide on a resistant species of An. gambiae. These results show that the co-distillation of C. citratus and H. suaveolens makes it possible to improve the insecticidal efficacy of essential oils of these two plants on mosquitoes resistant to synthetic insecticides. Therefore, they pave the way for the development of a new natural insecticide that is more effective and safer against mosquito vectors of malaria. In addition, other studies are finally necessary to know the mass proportions of the two plants to be co-distilled in order to obtain an optimal insecticidal activity.

Availability of data and materials

The data used and/or analysed in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. WHO. World malaria report 2022. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2022.

  2. Kargougou RL. Paludisme au Burkina: plus de 4 000 décès en 2021, l’espoir est permis avec le vaccin. https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article1128552021.

  3. Gwinner J, Harnisch R, Muck O, Rannou J. Manuel sur la manutention et la conservation des grains apres récolte. Eschborn (Germany): GTZ Publications; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bhatt S, Weiss D, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526:207–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Regnault-Roger C, Vincent C, Arnason JT. Essential oils in insect control: low-risk products in a high-stakes world. Annu Rev Entomol. 2012;57:405–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Dabiré R, Diabaté A, Namoutougou M, Toe KH, Ouari A, Kengne P, Bassole C, Baldet T. Distribution of pyrethrinoid and DDT resistance and the L1014F KDR mutation in Anopheles gambiae s.l. population from Burkina Faso (West Africa). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:1113–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Koffi A, Ahou Alou L, Adja M, Chandre F, Pennetier C. Insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae s.s. population from M’Bé : a WHOPES labelled experimental hut station, 10 years after the political crisis in Côte d’Ivoire. Malar J. 2013;12:151.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Badolo A, Traore A, Jones CM, Sanou A, Flood L, Guelbeogo WM, et al. Three years of insecticide resistance monitoring in Anopheles gambiae in Burkina Faso: resistance on the rise? Malar J. 2012;11:232.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Deletre E, Martin T, Campagne P, Bourguet D, Cadin A, Menut C, et al. Repellent, irritant and toxic effects of 20 plant extracts on adults of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae mosquito. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e82103.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Cho Y, Kim H, Beuchat LR, Ryu JH. Synergistic activities of gaseous oregano and thyme thymol essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes on surfaces of a laboratory medium and radish sprouts. Food Microbiol. 2020;86: 103357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nébié R, Tiemtoré A, Yaméogo R. Etude de l’effet insecticide de mélanges d’huiles essentielles sur Callosobruchus maculatus F. prédateur du niébé. Sci Nat Appl. 2021;3:83–98.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Devlieghere F, Vermeulen A, Debevere J. Chitosan: activité antimicrobienne, interactions avec les composants alimentaires et applicabilité en tant que revêtement sur les fruits et légumes. Food Microbiol. 2004;21:703–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gutierrez J, Barry-Ryan C, Bourke P. L’efficacité antimicrobienne des combinaisons d’huiles essentielles végétales et des interactions avec les ingrédients alimentaires. Food Microbiol. 2008;124:91–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nebie B, Dabire CM, Bationo RK, Sosso S, Nebie RC, Pale E, et al. Composition chimique et potentiel antioxydant de l’huile essentielle obtenue par co-distillation de Mentha piperita L. et Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf du Burkina Faso. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2023;17:689–700.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nebie B, Dabire CM, Bonzi S, Bationo RK, Sosso S, Nebi RC, et al. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil obtained by co-distillation of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis from Burkina Faso. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2023;12:43–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Savadogo S, Sambare O, Sereme A, Thiombiano A. Méthodes traditionnelles de lutte contre les insectes et les tiques chez les Mossé au Burkina Faso. J Appl Biosci. 2016;105:10120–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Wangrawa DW, Ochomo E, Upshur F, Zanré N, Borovsky D, Lahondere C, et al. Essential oils and their binary combinations have synergistic and antagonistic insecticidal properties against Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae). Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2022;42: 102347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Likibi B, Tsiba G, Madiélé A, Nsikabaka S, Moutsamboté J, Ouamba J. Constituants chimiques de l’huile essentielle de Mentha piperata L. (Lamiaceae) du Congo. J Appl Biosci. 2015;92:8578–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Stein S, Mirokhin D, Tchekhovskoi D, Mallard G, Mikaia A, Zaikin V, et al. The NIST mass spectral search program for the NIST/EPA/NIH mass spectra library. Gaithersburg, MD: Standard Reference Data Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002.

  20. Babushok V, Linstrom P, Zenkevich I. Retention indices for frequently reported compounds of plant essential oils. J Phys Chem Ref Data. 2011;40: 043101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wangrawa WD. Activité biologique et modes d’action d’extraits de quatre plantes aromatiques contre Anopheles gambiae s.l. au Burkina Faso. Thesis, Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 2017.

  22. Abbott WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 1925;18:265–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kpadonou D, Allanto F, Kpadonou-Kpoviessi B, Agbani P, Gbaguidi F, Baba-Moussa L, et al. Relations entre composition chimique, activité antioxydante et toxicité des huiles essentielles de deux espèces de Cymbopogon acclimatées au Bénin. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2019;13:1201–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kanko C, Sawaliho B, Kone S, Koukoua G, N’Guessan Y. Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques des huiles essentielles de Lippia multiflora, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon giganteus. C R Chimie. 2004;7:1039–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Djibo AK. Analyse des huiles essentielles de quelques plantes de la flore du Burkina Faso appartenant aux familles des Lamiacéae (Hyptis spicigera Lam.; Hyptis suaveolens Poit., Ocimum americanum L.) et des Poacéae (Cymbopogon schoenanthus L. Spreng, Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov et Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf). Thesis, Université de Ouagadougou, 2000.

  26. Johnson F, Oussou R, Kanko C, Tonzibo F, Foua-Bi K, Tano Y. Bioefficacité des huiles essentielles de trois espèces végétales (Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum canum et Hyptis suaveolens), de la famille des Labiées dans la lutte contre Sitophilus zeamais. Eur J Sci Res. 2018;150:273–84.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Degnon GR, Adjou ES, Metome G, Dahouenon-Ahoussi E. Efficacité des huiles essentielles de Cymbopogon citratus et de Mentha piperita dans la stabilisation du lait frais de vache au Sud du Bénin. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2016;10:1894–902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Boukhatem MN, Ferhat AAK. Méthodes d’extraction et de distillation des huiles essentielles: revue de littérature. Revue Agrobiol. 2019;9:1653–9.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ngom S, Faye FD, Diop M, Kornprobst JM, Samb A. Composition chimique et propriétés physico-chimiques des huiles essentielles d’Ocimum basilicum et d’Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. récoltés dans la région de Dakar au Sénégal. Bull Soc R Sci Liège. 2012;81:166–75.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Eshilokun AO, Kasali AA, Giwa-ajeniya AO. Chemical composition of essential oils of two Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. leaves from Nigeria. Flav Fragr J. 2005;20:528–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Koba K, Raynaud C, Millet J, Chaumont J-P, Sanda K. Chemical composition of Hyptis pectinata L., H. lanceolata Poit, H. suaveolens (L) Poit and H. spicigera Lam essential oils from Togo. J Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 2007;10:357–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Nantitanon W, Chowwanapoonpohn S, Okonogi S. Antioxydant and antimicrobial activities of Hyptis suaveolens essential iil. Sci Pharm. 2007;75:35–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tripathi AK, Upadhyay S. Reppellent and insecticidal activities of Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) leaf essential oil against four stored-grain coleopteran pests. Int J Trop Insect Sci. 2009;29:219–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Fun C, Svendsen A. The essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens Poit. grown on Aruba. Flav Fragr J. 1990;5:161–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hay Y-OM. La complexité des simples caractérisations chimique et biologique de combinaisons hydrolats-huiles essentielles et huiles essentielles-huiles essentielles pour l'objectivation d'effets conservateurs de produits phyto-thérapeutiques. Thesis. Université de Toulouse; 2015.

  36. El Kalamouni C. Caractérisations chimiques et biologiques d’extraits de plantes aromatiques oubliées de Midi-Pyrénées. Thesis. Université de Toulouse; 2010.

  37. Fischer N, Nitz S, Drawert F. Original flavour compounds and the essential oil composition of marjoram (Majorana hortensis Moench). Flav Fragr J. 1987;2:55–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chiou T-Y, Nomura S, Konishi M, Liao C-S, Shimotori Y, Murata M, et al. Conversion and hydrothermal decomposition of major components of mint essential oil by small-scale subcritical water treatment. Molecules. 2020;25:1953.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mikkola J-P, Virtanen P, Karhu H, Salmi T, Murzin DY. Supported ionic liquids catalysts for fine chemicals: citral hydrogenation. Green Chem. 2006;8:197–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Wangrawa DW, Badolo A, Ilboudo Z, Guelbéogo WM, Kiendrébeogo M, Nébié RC, et al. Insecticidal activity of local plants essential oils agains laboratory and field strains of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Burkina Faso. J Econ Entomol. 2018;111:2844–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Nonviho G, Wotto VD, Noudogbessi J-P, Avlessi F, Akogbeto M, Sohounhloué DC. Insecticidal activities of essential oils extracted from three species of Poaceae on Anopheles gambiae spp, major vector of malaria. Sci Study Res. 2010;11:411–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Aissaoui AB, Zantar S, El Amrani A. Évaluation du potentiel acaricide des monoterpènes et leurs mélanges binaires sur l’acarien Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Bull Soc R Sci Liège. 2021;90:30–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Van Vuuren SF, Viljoen AM. Antimicrobial activity of limonene enantiomers and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination. Flav Fragr J. 2007;22:540–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors of this study thank the Department of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Belgium, for the chemical analysis of essential oils. They also thank the Institute for Research in Health Sciences of the Regional Direction of the West, Burkina Faso, for the evaluation of the insecticidal activity of essential oils.

Funding

No external funding was received for this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Chemistry and Renewable Energies, Nazi Boni University, Bobo 1, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

    Bily Nebié, Constantin M. Dabiré & Siaka Sosso

  2. Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental and Bio-Organic Chemistry, KI-ZERBO University, UFR/SEA, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Joseph, Burkina Faso

    Constantin M. Dabiré, Remy K. Bationo & Eloi Palé

  3. National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Institute for Research in Applied Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Natural Substances and Technologies of Natural Products and the Environment, 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

    Remy K. Bationo & Roger C. H. Nebié

  4. Health Sciences Research Institute, Bobo, , 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

    Dieudonné D. Soma, Moussa Namountougou & Roch K. Dabiré

  5. Department of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium

    Pierre Duez

Authors
  1. Bily Nebié
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Constantin M. Dabiré
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Remy K. Bationo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dieudonné D. Soma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  5. Moussa Namountougou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  6. Siaka Sosso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  7. Roger C. H. Nebié
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  8. Roch K. Dabiré
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  9. Eloi Palé
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  10. Pierre Duez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. The authors DDS, MN and RKD allowed the evaluation of insecticidal activity. The author PD allowed the analysis by CPG/MS of essential oils. The author CMD contributed to the writing of this manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bily Nebié.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nebié, B., Dabiré, C.M., Bationo, R.K. et al. Investigation on chemical composition and insecticidal activity against Anopheles gambiae of essential oil obtained by co-distillation of Cymbopogon citratus and Hyptis suaveolens from Western Burkina Faso. Malar J 23, 339 (2024). https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s12936-024-05177-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s12936-024-05177-6

Keywords

Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

Contact us