Fig. 1

Dynamics of P. falciparum msp1₁₉ microhaplotypes. A Amino- acid sequence alignment of 11 identified microhaplotypes. Polymorphic sites are shown with an asterisk (*). The nucleotide positions relative to the start position of the Pfmsp1 gene are shown below the asterisk. The dots in the alignment indicate the position corresponding to P. falciparum 3D7 with identical amino acid sequences. The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains 1 and 2 are shown by arrows. The first polymorphism is located in the first EGF-like domain, whereas the second to the fifth polymorphism are located in the second EGF-like domain. B Microhaplotypes sorted by their abundance in the population. C Microhaplotypes clustered to groups based on the number of nucleotide differences between haplotypes. The dendrogram on the sides of the heatmap visually represents the relatedness of the microhaplotypes. In this context, the branches indicate distinct clusters formed through hierarchical clustering, highlighting groups of haplotypes with similar characteristic