Fig. 2

Plasmodium falciparum exflagellation assay. A Exflagellation inhibition by compounds 14c, 14d, 13c, DMSO-negative control and DHART-positive control). B Image of mature stage V microgametocyte (Stage V/M). C Two different microgametocytes undergoing exflagellation. DMSO (Dimethylsulfoxide, negative control, C⁻) ≤ 0.5%; DHART (Dihydroartemisinin, inhibitory control) at 1 µM and Bi-triazole compounds at 1 µM incubated for 24 h. Percent inhibition was calculated relative to the DMSO control. Data are presented as the mean and standard deviation (±) of duplicates from a single experiment. Statistical significance was analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test. Columns marked with an asterisk * indicate a statistically significant difference compared to the DMSO control (p ≤ 0.02)