Table 2 Details of included studies
No | Authors | Study design | Study location (year) | Participants (n) | Plasmodium spp. | Age range | Qualitative results of RANTES | Parasite density | Method for malaria detection | Method for RANTES detection | Blood samples for RANTES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Aguilar et al., 2019 [29] | Cross-sectional study | Mozambique | Individuals of all ages: year 2010 (981), year 2013 (980) | P. falciparum | All age ranges | RANTES levels were lower in infected individuals compared to uninfected individuals | Infected (2010): 10.46 (1.61–102.94), Infected (2013):7.61 [1.43–299.84] | Microscopic method/PCR | Cytokine Human Magnetic 30-Plex Panel from Life Technologies™ | Plasma |
2 | Armah et al., 2007 [30] | Case–control study | Ghana | Cerebral malaria (9), SMA (5), non-malaria deaths/non-malarial controls (5) | P. falciparum | Children | No difference in RANTES levels between children with cerebral malaria, SMA, and non-malarial controls | Cerebral malaria (9): 51,604 ± 9468, severe malarial anaemia (5): 195003 ± 23613, non-malaria deaths/non-malarial controls (5): 0 | Microscopic method | Multiplex colorimetric bead-based cytokine immunoassay | Serum |
3 | Boivin et al., 2019 [31] | Randomized controlled trial | Uganda | The malaria survivor’s cohort of children (150): children with cerebral malaria (93), children with SMA (57) | P. falciparum | Children (6 to 12 years) | 1. Severe malaria survivors with higher levels of plasma RANTES had better KABC cognitive performance after both titrating and non-titrating CCRT compared to no CCRT. For the CBCL, high plasma RANTES was associated with no benefit from either the titrating and non-titrating CCRT. 2. Control groups; RANTES levels were lower in severe malaria compared to community controls | Not specified | Microscopic method/RDT | Microbead suspension array technology (SAT) using the Luminex system (Austin, TX) and human-specific bead sets (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) | Plasma |
4 | Boström et al., 2012 [a] [32] | Cross-sectional study | Mali | Uninfected Dogon (20), Infected Dogon (20), Uninfected Fulani (23), Infected Fulani (14) | P. falciparum | Children (2–10 years) | 1. RANTES levels were significantly lower in infected Dogon compared to uninfected Dogon. 2. No difference in RANTES levels between infected Fulani compared to uninfected Fulani | Infected Dogon (20):13692 (575–48625), Infected Fulani (14): 27537 (100–122000) | Microscopic method | Cytometric bead array (CBA, BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) | Plasma |
5 | Boström et al., 2012 (b) [33] | Cohort study | Tanzania | Pregnant women with a gestational age ≤ 24 weeks (1000): malaria infected (42), malaria uninfected (79) | P. falciparum | Not specified | RANTES levels were significantly lower in infected individuals compared to uninfected individuals | Pregnancy women: malaria infected (11): 27,969.2 (39.5–390749 ± 17132.4) | Microscopic method/RDT | Cytometric bead arrays (CBA, BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) | Plasma |
6 | Bujarbaruah et al., 2017 [34] | Cohort study | India | Clinically proven P. falciparum malaria cases (153): uncomplicated malaria (128), severe malaria (25); age and sex matched community healthy controls without any past history of malaria infection (112) | P. falciparum | Adults | Serum RANTES concentrations was significantly lower in severe malaria cases [15708.92Â ng/L] compared to uncomplicated malaria cases [16147.74Â ng/L] and control cases [18587.2Â ng/L] | Not specified | Microscopic method/RDT | Human RANTES ELISA kit (ab100633, Abcam) | Serum |
7 | Cruz et al., 2019 [35] | Case–control study | Brazil | Individuals from the Brazilian Amazon (601): symptomatic P. vivax monoinfected patients (179), asymptomatic P. vivax monoinfection (145), P. vivax-HBV coinfected patients (28), HBV monoinfected subjects (29), healthy controls (165) | P. vivax | Adults | No difference in RANTES levels between symptomatic vivax patients compared to uninfected controls | Symptomatic P. vivax monoinfected patients (179): 6324 (913.5–60623), asymptomatic P. vivax monoinfection (145): 0 (0–32), P. vivax-HBV coinfected patients (27): 753 (444.3–4262) | Microscopic method/PCR | Cytometric Bead Array—CBA (BD Biosciences Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA) | Plasma |
8 | Daveport et al., 2012 [36] | Case–control study | Kenya | Children aged 3–36 months with P. falciparum parasitemia (194): malaria alone (HIV-1( −)/Pf( +), n = 148); HIV-1 exposed (HIV-1(exp)/Pf( +), n = 30); and co-infected (HIV-1( +)/Pf( +), n = 16) | P. falciparum | 3–36 months | RANTES levels were highest in co-infected individuals, high in individuals with malaria alone, and lowest in those exposed to HIV-1 and Pf( +) | Geometric mean; Malaria alone (HIV-1( −)/Pf( +), n = 148): 25,619 (59,721); HIV-1 exposed (HIV-1(exp)/Pf( +), n = 30): 25659 (35,865); and co-infected (HIV-1) +)/Pf( +), n = 16): 14405 (25599) | Microscopic method | Cytokine 25plex Antibody Bead Kit, Human [BioSource™ International] | Plasma |
9 | Frimpong et al., 2022 [37] | Case–control study | Ghana | Children (76): clinical malaria with no sepsis (33), non-malaria febrile control (20), non-malaria sepsis (23) | P. falciparum | Children | RANTES levels were significantly lower in children with sepsis when compared to children with malaria, but was higher when compared to febrile controls | Children (76): clinical malaria with no sepsis (32): 94494.87 | Microscopic method/RDT | Human Cytokine Magnetic 25-Plex Panel (Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation, United States) | Plasma |
10 | Hojo-Souza et al., 2017 [38] | Case–control study | Brazil | P. vivax uncomplicated patients (75), P. vivax-treated group (10), endemic control (10), healthy control (15) | P. vivax | Adults | 1. RANTES levels were significantly lower individuals with P. vivax infection compared to endemic controls. 2. RANTES levels were significant increase after the treatment when following the same individuals | P. vivax uncomplicated patients (75): ≤ 500 (33), 501–10000 (25), 10001–100000 (8), without information (7) | Microscopic method/PCR | Cytometric bead assay (CBA) (BD Biosciences, USA) | Plasma |
11 | Jain et al., 2008 [39] | Case–control study | India | Cerebral malaria survivors (48), cerebral malaria non-survivors (12), healthy controls (25), mild malaria (48) | P. falciparum | Children (< 18 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) | No difference in RANTES levels between cerebral malaria survivors, cerebral malaria non-survivors, mild malaria, and healthy controls | Cerebral malaria survivors (46): 4166 ± 650.9, cerebral malaria non-survivors (12): 1336 ± 386.2, mild malaria (46): 1594 ± 426.6 | Microscopic method | Multiplex bead-based cytokine immunoassay (MMA) | Plasma |
12 | John et al., 2006 [15] | Case–control study | Uganda | Children with cerebral malaria (88), children with uncomplicated malaria (76), community controls (100) | P. falciparum | 4–12 years | 1. RANTES levels were lower in cerebral malaria compared to uncomplicated malaria. 2.RANTES levels were lower in cerebral malaria compared to community controls. 3. RANTES levels at 72 h after admission were significantly higher than those at the time of admission but were comparable to those in children with uncomplicated malaria and were still not as high as those in community controls | Children with cerebral malaria (88): 39790 (143–560), children with uncomplicated malaria (76): 54840 (118–220) | Microscopic method | Colorimetric bead assay using the Luminex system and human-specific bead sets (R&D Systems) | Serum |
13 | Noone et al., 2013 [40] | Cross-sectional study | Nigeria | Uninfected endemic controls (69), Ascaris (21), Malaria (109), Ascaris/Malaria (32) | P. falciparum | 39–73 months | RANTES was not associated with P. falciparum parasitemia | Malaria (109): 5097 ± 717.4, Ascaris/Malaria (31):6618.7 ± 1683.2 | Microscopic method | DuoSet ELISA Developmental Kits (R&D, Minneapolis, MN, USA) | Plasma |
14 | Obeng-Aboagye et al., 2023 [11] | Case–control study | Ghana | Children (57); severe malaria (27), uncomplicated malaria (10), non-malaria related fever (20) | P. falciparum | Children | 1. RANTES levels were significantly higher in severe malaria as compared to febrile controls. 2. No difference in RANTES levels between severe and uncomplicated malaria. 3. No difference in RANTES levels between uncomplicated malaria and febrile controls | Severe malaria (26): 54683 (29706–162776), uncomplicated malaria (10): 36228 (15671–116416) | Microscopic method | Human Cytokine Magnetic 25-Plex Panel (Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation, United States of America) | Plasma |
15 | Ochiel et al., 2005 [41] | Cohort study | Gabon | Severe malaria cases (10), mild malaria cases (10), healthy malaria-exposed subjects (23) | P. falciparum | 2 to 7 years | 1. RANTES levels were significantly lower in children with mild malaria and severe malaria compared to healthy controls. 2. RANTES levels were significantly lower in children with severe malaria compared to those with mild malaria | Severe malaria cases (10): 355571 ± 58050, mild malaria cases (10): 52899 ± 10437 | Microscopic method | Quantitative ELISA (Biosource International, Camarillo, CA) | Plasma |
16 | Ong’echa et al., 2011 [42] | Case–control study | Kenya | Uncomplicated malaria (31), non-SMA (37), SMA (80) | P. falciparum | Children (3 to 30 months) | No difference in RANTES levels between patients with SMA, non-SMA, and uncomplicated malaria | Uncomplicated malaria (30): 48354 (IQR 87430), non-SMA (36): 22615 (IQR 49,929), SMA (80): 26166 (IQR 60703) | Microscopic method | Human cytokine 25-plex antibody bead kit (BioSource International) | Plasma |
17 | Panda et al., 2013 [43] | Cross-sectional study | India | Severe malaria (125), non- complicated malaria (71), healthy controls (38) | P. falciparum | Severe malaria (125): 34(15–72), non- complicated malaria (71): 30(14–70), healthy controls (38): 30(12–75) | RANTES levels were significantly lower in severe malaria compared to non-complicated malaria | Not specified | Microscopic method/RDT | Commercial sandwich ELISA kits (Sanquin, Amsterdam) | Plasma |
18 | Reuterswärd et al., 2018 [44] | Cohort study | Rwanda | Severe malaria (180), mild malaria (183), controls (178) | P. falciparum | 3 months up to 6 years | RANTES levels were significantly lower in infected individuals compared to uninfected individuals | Not specified | Microscopic method | Antibody-based suspension bead array | Plasma |
19 | Suguitan et al., 2003 [45] | Cohort study | Cameroon | Malaria positive (89), malaria negative (83) | P. falciparum | Pregnant women | No difference in RANTES levels between infected individuals compared to uninfected individuals | Placenta sample: 0.076 ± 0.154, Peripheral blood: 0.005 ± 0.011 | Microscopic method | DuoSet ELISA Development System; R&D Systems | Plasma |
20 | Turner et al., 2021 [46] | Cross-sectional study | Mali | Asymptomatic infected with P. falciparum (8), uninfected subjects (27), children (19) | P. falciparum | Children and adults | Adults: No difference in RANTES levels between infected individuals compared to uninfected individuals | Not specified | PCR | Cytometric Bead Array Human Inflammatory Cytokine Kit (BD Biosciences) | Plasma |
21 | Vinhaes et al., 2021 [47] | Cohort study | Brazil | Asymptomatic malaria (108), symptomatic malaria (134); mild malaria (106), severe malaria (28), uninfected endemic controls (128) | P. vivax | Adults | RANTES levels were significantly higher in symptomatic malaria compared to asymptomatic malaria | Not specified | Microscopic method/PCR | Cytometric Bead Array—CBA (BD Biosciences Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA) | Plasma |
22 | Were et al., 2006 [48] | Cross-sectional study | Kenya | SMA (27), moderate anaemia (27), mild anaemia (28), healthy controls (24) | P. falciparum | Children (age < 36 months) | RANTES levels were decreased with increasing malarial anaemia severity, with the SMA group having lower circulating RANTES than children with moderate malarial anaemia, mild malarial anaemia, or healthy controls | SMA (26): 38874 ± 7685, moderate anaemia (26): 37771 ± 8169, mild anaemia (27): 34183 ± 7909 | Not specified | Not specified | Plasma |