Table 2 Associations of socio-demographic and clinical data with submicroscopic P. falciparum infections using Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression models

Health region

 Gabu

142 (24.0)

30 (30.0)

X² = 34.23, df = 10, P < 0.001*

23.520

10

0.009*

 Bijagos

20 (3.0)

0 (0.0)

0.000

1

0.998

0.000

0.000

 Biombo

37 (6.0)

11 (33.0)

0.154

1

0.695

1.183

0.511

2.742

 Bolama

22 (4.0)

3 (16.0)

1.489

1

0.222

0.444

0.120

1.636

 Cacheu

37 (6.0)

5 (15.0)

2.850

1

0.091

0.408

0.144

1.155

 Farim

15 (2.0)

2 (14.0)

1.372

1

0.241

0.394

0.083

1.871

 Bafata

89 (15.0)

28 (32.0)

0.062

1

0.803

0.914

0.452

1.848

 Oio

48 (8.0)

10 (21.0)

1.145

1

0.285

0.640

0.282

1.450

 Quinara

82 (14.0)

3 (4.0)

13.598

1

0.000*

0.099

0.029

0.338

 SAB

82 (14.0)

13 (16.0)

4.349

1

0.037*

0.459

0.221

0.954

 Tombali

27 (4.0)

8 (38.0)

0.567

1

0.451

1.456

0.547

3.875

Age group

 0–4

213 (35.0)

28 (15.0)

X² = 8.81, df = 4, P = 0.06

8.623

4

0.071

 5–14

121 (20.0)

13 (13.0)

0.053

1

0.818

1.088

0.531

2.229

 15–24

111 (19.0)

22 (24.0)

3.308

1

0.069

1.788

0.956

3.344

 25–44

91 (15.0)

21 (24.0)

3.360

1

0.067

1.812

0.960

3.420

 ≥ 45

65 (11.0)

18 (30.0)

6.022

1

0.014

2.347

1.187

4.,640

Sex

 Female

361 (60.0)

61 (20.0)

X² = 0.29, df = 1, P = 0.59

0.427

1

0.513

1.160

0.743

1.811

 Male

236 (40.0)

41 (22.0)

Fever

 No

478 (80.0)

78 (19.0)

X² = 2.11, df = 1, P = 0.15

2.527

1

0.112

1.534

0.905

2.599

 Yes

123 (20.0)

24 (26.0)

Ethnicity

 Fula

224 (37.0)

48 (30.0)

X² = 45.60, df = 10, P < 0.001*

33.189

10

0.000*

 Balanta Mané

21 (4.0)

3 (15.0)

1.829

1

0.176

0.415

0.116

1.484

 Beafada

20 (3.0)

8 (44.0)

1.574

1

0.210

1.883

0.700

5.064

 Bijagos

68 (11.0)

6 (9.0)

9.099

1

0.003*

0.248

0.100

0.613

 Balanta

98 (16.0)

3 (4.0)

16.023

1

0.000*

0.086

0.026

0.286

 Mancanha

14 (2.0)

1 (7.0)

2.639

1

0.104

0.181

0.023

1.423

 Mandinga

51 (9.0)

12 (25.0)

0.417

1

0.518

0.785

0.376

1.637

 Mandjaco

31 (5.0)

4 (13.0)

3.242

1

0.072

0.362

0.120

1.094

 Mista

21 (4.0)

7 (33.0)

0.109

1

0.741

1.177

0.447

3.099

 Pepel

37 (6.0)

10 (31.0)

0.026

1

0.871

1.070

0.471

2.430

 ^cGrouped

16 (3.0)

0 (0.0)

0.000

1

0.999

0.000

0.000

Pregnancy

 Pregnant

40 (28.0)

6 (22.0)

X² = 0.00, df = 1, P = 1.0

 Non-pregnant

104 (72.0)

20 (21.0)