Fig. 1

Spatial distribution of the 305 HHs by GPS coordinates. Guinea-Bissau is located on the west coast of sub-Saharan Africa, as shown on the map of the African continent at the bottom right. Of the 305 HHs plotted on the map by the corresponding GPS coordinates, 20 (black circles) were inhabited by OM-positive individuals and individuals with submicroscopic P. falciparum infections, 68 (red circles) were inhabited by OM-positive individuals, 64 (green circles) were inhabited by individuals with submicroscopic P. falciparum infections, and 153 (orange circles) were inhabited by non-infected individuals. Circles are opaque to better visualize overlapping HHs. OM-positive individuals negative for nPCR were included into one of the groups with OM-positive individuals (black or red circles), accordingly. The Leaflet interactive map was generated using Python version 3.10.12, in Google Colab, with the package Folium version 0.14.0. The composed image presented was produced from prints of the interactive map and edited in Photoshop CS5