Fig. 2
Main attributes of existing and future interventions for malaria prevention [63,64,65,66,67,68]. SOC standard-of-care, mAb monoclonal antibody, LAI long-acting injectable. 1Chemoprevention is recommended by WHO in children up to 15 years of age and pregnant women in their second and third trimester. SMC-SPAQ has been widely adopted, as compared to PMC and IPTsc, and was therefore considered as SOC. Main attributes for IPTp are similar and are not detailed in the summary Table. 2Most likely infants and children under 5 years of age in the first product label, due to injection volume and cost limitations. 3mAbs requiring more than one dose to protect throughout the malaria season may be considered based on cost-effectiveness [63]. 4Preventive efficacy of SPAQ was 83% in a controlled clinical trial [64]. 5RTS,S/AS01 preventive efficacy was of 39% for clinical malaria over 48 months [65]. R21/Matrix-M vaccine efficacy over 12 months was 75% at the seasonal sites and 68% at the standard sites for time to first clinical malaria episode [66]. 6WHO mAbs for malaria prevention preferred product characteristics, 2023 [63]. 7Average economic cost of dispersible SPAQ—26 cents per 3-days treatment course; and 28 cents for SP doses for adults [67]. 8RTS,S vaccine costs a maximum of EUR 9.30 per dose. R21 vaccine currently costs US$ 3.90 per dose for a two-dose presentation. Vaccines cost may decrease in future years as additional demand materializes [68]. 9Vaccines require a cold-chain for transportation and storage; and there are likely to be similar requirements for mAbs